FORGIVE OR FORGET? DINAMIKA PEMAAFAN DALAM KONTEKS BUDAYA BUGIS

Azhariah Nur B Arafah
Universitas Gunadarma
Indonesia
Muhammad N. R. Hadjam
Universitas Gunadarma
Indonesia
Matrissya Hermita
Universitas Gunadarma
Indonesia

Abstract

Salah satu persoalan klasik di dalam masyarakat adalah friksi dan konflik. Konsekuensi dari kedua hal ini dapat diselesaikan, salah satunya melalui pemaafan. Salah satu suku yang menarik untuk ditelaah dinamikan pemaafan yang ada di dalam masyarakatnya adalah suku Bugis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor pemaafan pada orang Bugis. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode fenomenologi, diperoleh tiga orang partisipan yang diperoleh melalui teknik purposive sampling. Analisis data dilakukan dengan Interpretative pheneomenological analysis. Temuan dalam penelitian ini disajikan dalam dua kategori data, yakni faktor-faktor pemaafan orang Bugis dan dinamika temuan pemaafan orang Bugis. Ditemukan empat faktor yang berperan dalam pemaafan orang Bugis, yaitu ajaran agama dan orang tua, nilai budaya, faktor relasional dan inisiasi permintaan maaf dari pelaku. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa ketiga partisipan sebagai masyarakat suku Bugis merupakan orang-orang yang mudah memberi maaf namun jika yang disinggung atau disakiti adalah hal-hal yang meliputi perasaan dan harga diri mereka, maka kondisi tersebut menjadi sulit untuk dimaafkan.

Keywords
Pemaafan; Pelanggaran; Etnis Bugis
References

Abdollah, A., & Sulo, M. (2018). The meaning of Sipakatau Sipakalebbi Sipakainge in Wajo (a semantical analysis). Tamaddun, 17(2), 34-40.

Allemand, M. (2008). Age differences in forgivingness: The role of future time perspective. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(5), 1137-1147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp. 2008.02.009

American Psychological Association. (2003). Guidelines for multicultural education, training, research, practice, and organizational change for psychologists. American Psychologist, 58, 377-402. https://doi.org/10.1037/e381582004-001

Asni, A., & Kamaruddin, K. (2018). Maddeceng: A family reconciliation in Bugis community on maslahat’s perspective. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 175, 012133. doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/175/1/012133

Bandung, A. T. B. (2020). Budaya Bugis dan persebarannya dalam perspektif antropologi budaya. Lensa Budaya: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Budaya, 15(1), 27-63.

Barcaccia, B., Pistella, J., Baiocco, R., Pallini, S., Saliani, A. M., Mancini, F., & Salvati, M. (2017). Forgiveness and religious practice: A study on a sample of Italian preadolescents. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 39(2), 223-232. doi: 10.1080/13617672.2017.1381439

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77–101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa

Chan, D. W. (2013). Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 32, 22-30. doi: 10.1016/j.tate.2012.12.005

Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E., & Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/ 1088868310373752

Druce, S. C. (2016). Introduction to special issue. In Orality, writing and history: The literature of the Bugis and Makasar of South Sulawesi, ed. Druce, S. C. International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 12 (Supp. 1), 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2016.12.s1.1

Edwards, L. M., Lapp-Rincker, R. H., Magyar-Moe, J. L., Rehfeldt, J. D., Ryder, J. A., Brown, J. C., & Lopez, S. J. (2002). A positive relationship between religious faith and forgiveness: Faith in the absence of data? Pastoral Psychology, 50(3), 147-152.

Fincham, F. D., Hall, J. H., & Beach, S. R. (2007). ‘Til lack of forgiveness do us part”: Forgiveness and marriage. In Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 231-250). Routledge.

Fox, A., & Thomas, T. (2008). Impact of religious affiliation and religiosity on forgiveness. Australian Psychologist, 43(3), 175-185. doi: 10.1080/00050060701687710

Gao, F., Li., Y., & Bai, X. (2022). Forgiveness and subjective well-being: A meta-analysis review. Personality and Individual Differences, 186, Part B, 111350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid. 2021.111350

Gassin, E. A., & Sawchak, T. A. (2008). Meaning, performance, and function of a Christian forgiveness ritual. Journal of Ritual Studies, 22(1), 39-49. http://www.jstor.org/stable/ 44368780

Hook, J.N., Worthington, E.L. & Utsey, S.O., (2009). Collectivism, forgiveness, and social harmony. The Counseling Psychologist, 37(6), 821–847. http://doi.org/10.1177/ 0011000008326546

Joo, M., Terzino, K. A., Cross, S. E., Yamaguchi, N., & Ohbuchi, K. (2019). How does culture shape conceptions of forgiveness? Evidence from Japan and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 002202211984550. doi: 10.1177/0022022119845502

Kaddi, S. M., & Dewi, R. S. (2017). Sipakatau, Sipakainge, Sipakalebbi and Sipattokong as falsafah and value of local etnic Bugis (intercultural communication studies of Bugis perantau in Palu, Central Sulawesi). Prosiding Konferensi Nasional Komunikasi, 1(01).

Karremans, J. C., Regalia, C., Paleari, F. G., Fincham, F. D., Cui, M., Takada, N., … Uskul, A. K. (2011). Maintaining harmony across the globe. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2(5), 443-451. doi: 10.1177/1948550610396957

Konstam, V., Chernoff, M., & Deveney, S. (2001). Toward forgiveness: The role of shame, guilt anger, and empathy. Counseling and Values, 46(1), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161007x. 2001.tb00204.x

Li, S., Zhang, L., Shangguan, C., Wang, X., Li, X., & Lu, J. (2021). The influence of relationship closeness and desire for forgiveness on interpersonal forgiveness. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 167, 38-46. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06. 009

Lutjen, L. J., Silton, N. R., & Flannelly, K. J. (2011). Religion, forgiveness, hostility and health: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Religion and Health, 51(2), 468–478. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10943-011-9511-7

Matuszewski, K., & Moron, M. (2022). The HEXACO model of personality, religiosity, and trait forgiveness. Pastoral Psychology, 71, 525-543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11089-022-01006-2

McCauley, T. G., Billingsley, J., & McCullough, M. E. (2016). An evolutionary psychology view of forgiveness: Individuals, groups, and cultures. Current Opinion in Psychology, 44, 275-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2021.09.021

McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (1997). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321-336. https://doi.org/10. 1037/0022-3514.73.2.321

McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K. C., Sandage, S. J., Worthington Jr, E. L., Brown, S. W., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), 1586.

Rahim, A. (2019). Internalisasi nilai Sipakatau, Sipakalebbi, Sipakainge dalam upaya pencegahan tindak pidana korupsi. Jurnal Al Himayah, 3(1), 29-52

Riek, B. M., & Mania, E. W. (2011). The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta-analytic review. Personal Relationships, 19(2), 304-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475 -6811.2011.01363.x

Sandage, S. J., Hill, P. C., & Vang, H. C. (2003). Toward a multicultural positive psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 31(5), 564–592. https://doi.org/10.1177/001100000 3256350

Sandage, S. J., & Williamson, I. (2005). Forgiveness in cultural context. In E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Ed.), Handbook of forgiveness (pp. 41-55). Brunner-Routledge.

Skalski-Bednarz, S. B., Konaszewski, K., Niesiobedzka, M., Gladysh, O., Toussaint, L. L., & Surzykiewicz, J. (2022). Anger toward God and well-being in Ukrainian war refugees: The serial mediating influence of faith maturity and decisional forgiveness. Journal of Beliefs & Values. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2022.2158019

Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2009), Interpretative phenomenological analysis: Theory, method and research. London: SAGE Publications.

Struthers, C. W., Eaton, J., Santelli, A. G., Uchiyama, M., & Shirvani, N. (2008). The effects of attributions of intent and apology on forgiveness: When saying sorry may not help the story. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(4), 983-992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp. 2008.02.0060

Takaku, S. (2001). The effects of apology and perspective taking on interpersonal forgiveness: A dissonance-attribution model of interpersonal forgiveness. The Journal of Social Psychology, 141(4), 494-508. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224540109600567

Tanra, M., & Amat, A. A. (2021). Siri’ dalam elong masyarakat Bugis di daerah Tawau, Sabah. Jurnal Pengajian Melayu (JOMAS), 32(1), 29-48

Tse, W. S., & Yip, T. H. J. (2009). Relationship among dispositional forgiveness of others, interpersonal adjustment and psychological well-being: Implication for interpersonal theory of depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 46(3), 365-368. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2008. 11.001

Wade, N. G., Worthington Jr, E. L., & Meyer, J. E. (2005). But do they work? A meta-analysis of group interventions to promote forgiveness. Handbook of Forgiveness, 423-440.

Webb, M., Chickering, S. A., Colburn, T. A., Heisler, D., & Call, S. (2005). Religiosity and dispositional forgiveness. Review of Religious Research, 46(4), 355. https://doi.org10.2307/ 3512166

Wenzel, M., & Okimoto, T. G. (2012). The varying meaning of forgiveness: Relationship closeness moderates how forgiveness affects feelings of justice. European Journal of Social Psychology, 42(4), 420-431. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.1850

White, T., Chelladurai, J. M., Monroe, P. A., Garand, J. C., Dollahite, D. C., & Marks, L. D. (2018). Kept together by faith: Confession and forgiveness among American Catholic and Orthodox Christian families. Marriage & Family Review, 1-16. doi: 10.1080/01494929. 2018.1469573

Worthington, E. L., Kurusu, T. A., Collins, W., Berry, J. W., Ripley, J. S., & Baier, S. N. (2000). Forgiving usually takes time: A lesson learned by studying interventions to promote forgiveness. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 28(1), 3–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710002800 101

Yin, R. (2016). Qualitative research from start to finish, second edition. New York: The Guilford Press.

Information
PDF
148 times PDF : 122 times